In recent years, researchers have turned their attention to issues of landscape change and the eco-cultural nature of the environment. This reflects perhaps, the ethos of Hardin’s 1960s ‘Tragedy of the commons’ and from this perspective the chapters in this volume challenge such precepts and assumptions and through this, raise new and critical paradigms. However, most contemporary actions towards conservation and sustainability fail to address this fundamental relationship between communities and local environments. Yet the long-term consequences, of the separation or severance of people from nature, are tangible and potentially disastrous at many levels. Issues of common ownership and rights to natural resources present major challenges in the contemporary global world and the market forces of capital driven economics. Often, this is not the case, since the environment and nature, are treated as ‘natural’ rather than eco-cultural. A standpoint of many of the contributions is that it is important or even vital to understand the past, our history, if we are to address effectively future environmental challenges.
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